A long Quiz on Research Methodology
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. 1.Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?
- Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher
- Is dependent on the completion of other projects
- Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge
- Develops the skills of the researcher
2. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?
- Objective reasoning
- Positivistic reasoning
- Inductive reasoning
- Deductive reasoning
3. Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same design but a different sample is which of the following?
- An exploratory study
- A replication study
- An empirical study
- Hypothesis testing
4. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking behaviours. The main purpose of the study was:
- Description
- Prediction
- Exploration
- Explanation
5. Cyber bullying at work is a growing threat to employee job satisfaction. Researchers want to find out why people do this and how they feel about it. The primary purpose of the study is:
- Description
- Prediction
- Exploration
- Explanation
6. A theory:
- Is an accumulated body of knowledge
- Includes inconsequential ideas
- Is independent of research methodology
- Should be viewed uncritically
7. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research?
- Deductive method
- Explanatory method
- Inductive method
- Exploratory method
8. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?
- You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings
- You should completely trust a single research study
- Neither a nor b
- Both a and b
9. A qualitative research problem statement:
- Specifies the research methods to be utilized
- Specifies a research hypothesis
- Expresses a relationship between variables
- Conveys a sense of emerging design
10. Which of the following is a good research question?
- To produce a report on student job searching behaviours
- To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours
- Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching behaviours
- Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?
11. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to :
- Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure
- Guide the development of research questions
- Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studies
- All of the above
12. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not recommended by:
- Ethnomethodology
- Grounded theory
- Symbolic interactionism
- Feminist theory
13. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
- Cost and time required to conduct the study
- Access to gatekeepers and respondents
- Potential ethical concerns
- All of the above
14. Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next phase is known as:
- Action research
- Mixed-method research
- Quantitative research
- Pragmatic research
15. Research hypotheses are:
- Formulated prior to a review of the literature
- Statements of predicted relationships between variables
- B but not A
- Both A and B
16. Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism?
- Quantitative research
- Qualitative research
- Mixed-methods research
- All of the above
17. Adopting ethical principles in research means:
- Avoiding harm to participants
- The researcher is anonymous
- Deception is only used when necessary
- Selected informants give their consent
18. A radical perspective on ethics suggests that:
- Researchers can do anything they want
- The use of checklists of ethical actions is essential
- The powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthened
- Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity
19. Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:
- Everyone has access to digital media
- Respondents may fake their identities
- Researchers may fake their identities
- Internet research has to be covert
20. The Kappa statistic:
- Is a measure of inter-judge validity
- Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted by chance
- Ranges from 0 to +1
- Is acceptable above a score of 0.5
PART B: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings?
- Quantitative research
- Qualitative research
- Mixed-methods research
- All of the above
2. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:
- An intervening variable
- A dependent variable
- An independent variable
- A numerical variable
3. Researchers posit that performance-related pay increases employee motivation which in turn leads to an increase in job satisfaction. What kind of variable is ‘motivation”’ in this study?
- Extraneous
- Confounding
- Intervening
- Manipulated
4. Which correlation is the strongest?
- –1.00
- +80
- –60
- +05
5. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is important not to:
- Assume causality
- Measure the values for X and Y independently
- Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed
- Check the direction of the relationship
6. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?
- Annual income
- Age
- Annual sales
- Geographical location of a firm
7. A positive correlation occurs when:
- Two variables remain constant
- Two variables move in the same direction
- One variable goes up and the other goes down
- Two variables move in opposite directions
8. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:
- The independent variable is manipulated
- Hypotheses are proved
- A positive correlation exists
- Samples are large
9. Qualitative research is used in all the following circumstances, EXCEPT:
- It is based on a collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures
- It often uses small samples
- It uses the inductive method
- It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
10. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called:
- The experimental group
- The participant group
- The control group
- The treatment group
11. Which generally cannot be guaranteed in conducting qualitative studies in the field?
- Keeping participants from physical and emotional harm
- Gaining informed consent
- Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality
- Maintaining consent forms
12. Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with humans?
- Maintaining participants’ anonymity
- Gaining informed consent
- Informing participants that they are free to withdraw at any time
- Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed
13. What do we call data that are used for a new study but which were collected by an earlier researcher for a different set of research questions?
- Secondary data
- Field notes
- Qualitative data
- Primary data
14. When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called:
- A snowball sample
- A stratified sample
- A random probability sample
- A non-random sample
15. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample of companies?
- Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all companies within the district
- Numbering all the elements of a company sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick companies from the table
- Listing companies by sector and choosing a proportion from within each sector at random
- Choosing volunteer companies to participate
16. Which of the following statements are true?
- The larger the sample size, the larger the confidence interval
- The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error
- The more categories being measured, the smaller the sample size
- A confidence level of 95 percent is always sufficient
17. Which of the following will produce the least sampling error?
- A large sample based on convenience sampling
- A small sample based on random sampling
- A large snowball sample
- A large sample based on random sampling
18. When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this is called:
- Snowball sampling
- Convenience sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Random sampling
19. In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse cases is referred to as:
- Typical-case sampling
- Critical-case sampling
- Intensity sampling
- Maximum variation sampling
20. A test accurately indicates an employee’s scores on a future criterion (e.g., conscientiousness). What kind of validity is this?
- Predictive
- Face
- Content
- Concurrent
PART C: DATA COLLECTION METHODS
1. When designing a questionnaire it is important to do each of the following EXCEPT
- Pilot the questionnaire
- Avoid jargon
- Avoid double questions
- Use leading questions
2. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:
- Probe questions can be asked
- Respondents can be put at ease
- Interview bias can be avoided
- Response rates are always high
3. Which of the following is true of observations?
- It takes less time than interviews
- It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do
- Covert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overt
- All of the above
4. A researcher secretly becomes an active member of a group in order to observe their behaviour. This researcher is acting as:
- An overt participant observer
- A covert non-participant observer
- A covert participant observer
- None of the above
5. All of the following are advantages of structured observation, EXCEPT:
- Results can be replicated at a different time
- The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed
- Data can be collected that participants may not realize is important
- Data do not have to rely on the recall of participants
6. When conducting an interview, asking questions such as: "What else? or ‘Could you expand on that?’ are all forms of:
- Structured responses
- Category questions
- Protocols
- Probes
7. Secondary data can include which of the following?
- Government statistics
- Personal diaries
- Organizational records
- All of the above
8. An ordinal scale is:
- The simplest form of measurement
- A scale with an absolute zero point
- A rank-order scale of measurement
- A scale with equal intervals between ranks
9. Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer or predict performance in some activity?
- Face validity
- Content reliability
- Criterion-related validity
- Construct validity
10. The ‘reliability’of a measure refers to the researcher asking:
- Does it give consistent results?
- Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
- Can the results be generalized?
- Does it have face reliability?
11. Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when:
- There is a need for highly personalized data
- It is important to ask supplementary questions
- High numbers of respondents are needed
- Respondents have difficulty with written language
12. Validity in interviews is strengthened by the following EXCEPT:
- Building rapport with interviewees
- Multiple questions cover the same theme
- Constructing interview schedules that contain themes drawn from the literature
- Prompting respondents to expand on initial responses
13. Interview questions should:
- Lead the respondent
- Probe sensitive issues
- Be delivered in a neutral tone
- Test the respondents’ powers of memory
14. Active listening skills means:
- Asking as many questions as possible
- Avoiding silences
- Keeping to time
- Attentive listening
15. All the following are strengths of focus groups EXCEPT:
- They allow access to a wide range of participants
- Discussion allows for the validation of ideas and views
- They can generate a collective perspective
- They help maintain confidentiality
16. Which of the following is not always true about focus groups?
- The ideal size is normally between 6 and 12 participants
- Moderators should introduce themselves to the group
- Participants should come from diverse backgrounds
- The moderator poses preplanned questions
17. A disadvantage of using secondary data is that:
- The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those of the researcher
- The researcher may bring more detachment in viewing the data than original researchers could muster
- Data have often been collected by teams of experienced researchers
- Secondary data sets are often available and accessible
18. All of the following are sources of secondary data EXCEPT:
- Official statistics
- A television documentary
- The researcher’s research diary
- A company’s annual report
19. Which of the following is not true about visual methods?
- They are not reliant on respondent recall
- The have low resource requirements
- They do not rely on words to capture what is happening
- They can capture what is happening in real time
20. Avoiding naïve empiricism in the interpretation of visual data means:
- Understanding the context in which they were produced
- Ensuring that visual images such as photographs are accurately taken
- Only using visual images with other data gathering sources
- Planning the capture of visual data carefully
PART D: ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING
1. Which of the following is incorrect when naming a variable in SPSS?
- Must begin with a letter and not a number
- Must end in a full stop
- Cannot exceed 64 characters
- Cannot include symbols such as ?, & and %
2. Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?
- Word
- Numeric
- String
- Date
3. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called:
- A bar chart
- A pie chart
- A line graph
- A vertical graph
4. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:
- Summarize the characteristics of a data set
- Draw conclusions from the data
- None of the above
- All of the above
5. The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:
- The mode
- The normal distribution
- The standard deviation
- The variance
6. To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would use:
- A chi-squared test
- One-way analysis of variance
- Analysis of variance
- A paired t-test
7. A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:
- The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact true
- The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact false
- The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
- The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false
8. The significance level
- Is set after a statistical test is conducted
- Is always set at 0.05
- Results in a p-value
- Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
9. To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of one or more independent variables, we would use
- Regression analysis
- Correlation analysis
- Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
- One-way analysis of variance
10. In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask themselves all of the following EXCEPT:
- Who produced the document?
- Is the material genuine?
- How can respondents be re-interviewed?
- Why was the document produced?
11. Which of the following are not true of reflexivity?
- It recognizes that the researcher is not a neutral observer
- It has mainly been applied to the analysis of qualitative data
- It is part of a post-positivist tradition
- A danger of adopting a reflexive stance is the researcher can become the focus of the study
12. Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT:
- Member checking for accuracy and interpretation
- Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data
- Exploring rival explanations
- Analysing negative cases
13. Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the following EXCEPT:
- Manipulation of large amounts of data
- Exploring of the data against new dimensions
- Querying of data
- Generating codes
14. Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted?
- Results
- Design
- Introduction
- Background
15. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?
- Action research
- Basic research
- Professional research
- Predictive research
16. Plagiarism can be avoided by:
- Copying the work of others accurately
- Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words
- Cut and pasting from the Internet
- Quoting directly without revealing the source
17. In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
- Practice the presentation
- Ignore your nerves
- Get to know more about your audience
- Take an advanced look, if possible, at the facilities
18. You can create interest in your presentation by:
- Using bullet points
- Reading from notes
- Maximizing the use of animation effects
- Using metaphors
19. In preparing for a viva or similar oral examination, it is best if you have:
- Avoided citing the examiner in your thesis
- Made exaggerated claims on the basis of your data
- Published and referenced your own article(s)
- Tried to memorize your work
20. Grounded theory coding:
- Makes use of a priori concepts from the literature
- Uses open coding, selective coding, then axial coding
- Adopts a deductive stance
- Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached
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