English Cosmos by Dr Mukesh Pareek

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London BY  WILLIAM BLAKE I wander thro' each charter'd street, Near where the charter'd Thames does flow.  And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness, marks of woe. In every cry of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice: in every ban, The mind-forg'd manacles I hear  How the Chimney-sweepers cry Every blackning Church appalls,  And the hapless Soldiers sigh Runs in blood down Palace walls  But most thro' midnight streets I hear How the youthful Harlots curse Blasts the new-born Infants tear  And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse

Interlanguage Definition and Examples Interlanguage is a type of language used by second-language learners Share Flipboard Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns or  speech acts  in a second language. Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of  applied linguistics  whose article "Interlanguage" appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal  International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching . Examples and Observations "[Interlanguage] reflects the learner's evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language ('transfer'), contrastive interference from the target language, and the  overgeneralization  of

Universal Grammar  universal grammar (UG)  (noun): a theory in linguistics usually credited to Noam Chomsky that suggests that the ability to learn grammar is built into the human brain from birth regardless of language In the 1960s, linguists became interested in a new theory about grammar, or the laws of language. The theory was popularized by an American linguist named Noam Chomsky who often focused on the effortless language learning of young children. Chomsky didn’t believe that exposure to a language was enough for a young child to become efficient at understanding and producing a language. He believed that humans are born with an innate ability to learn languages. According to Chomsky’s theory, the basic structures of language are already encoded in the human brain at birth. This “universal grammar theory” suggests that every language has some of the same laws. For example, every language has a way to ask a question or make something negative. In addition, every language has a w

Definition of Aporia Aporia is a figure of speech wherein a speaker poses a question as an expression of doubt, usually about how to proceed in a certain situation. Thus, aporia is a  rhetorical question  in which doubt is usually feigned so as to provoke thought in the listener or reader about how the speaker or narrator will act. The statement also allows the speaker to examine different possibilities and weigh the pros and cons aloud. The word aporia comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀπορία ( aporia ), in which it means “without passage.” The definition of aporia has changed over time to include meanings such as “an impasse,” “to be at a loss,” and “puzzlement.” It now has definitions in both  rhetoric  and philosophy; in rhetoric, this technique is also known as  dubitatio . In philosophy, aporia can be any puzzle that arises from plausible yet inconsistent premises. Common Examples of Aporia Aporia is a common rhetorical technique for orators to use in their speeches. Here are som

FOUR KINDS OF MEANING-I.A RICHARDS I.A. Richards was the first critic to bring to English criticism a scientific precision and objectivity. He was the first to distinguish between the two uses of language – the referential and the emotive. His well articulated theory is found in his Principles of Literary Criticism. The present extract is from his Practical Criticism which speaks about the four kinds of meaning. Richards is remembered for his modern way of teaching and studying literature. New criticism and the whole of modern tensional poetics derive their strength and inspiration from the seminal writings of Richards. Richards begins the extract by pointing to the difficulty of all reading. The problem of making out the meaning is the starting point in criticism. The answers to ‘what is a meaning?’, ‘What are we doing when we endeavour to make it out?’ are the master keys to all the problems of criticism. The all important fact for the study of literature or any other mode of communi

Prosody (linguistics) "Prosodic" redirects here. For other uses, see  Prosody (disambiguation) . In  linguistics ,  prosody  is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic  segments  (vowels and consonants) but are properties of  syllables  and larger units of speech, including linguistic functions such as  intonation ,  tone ,  stress , and  rhythm . Such elements are known as  suprasegmentals . Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of  irony  or  sarcasm ; emphasis,  contrast , and  focus . It may otherwise reflect other elements of language that may not be encoded by  grammar  or by choice of  vocabulary .

Letters (1817–1820) I am certain of nothing but the holiness of the heart's affections and the truth of imagination — what the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth — whether it existed before or not. Letter to Benjamin Bailey (November 22, 1817) The imagination may be compared to Adam's dream — he awoke and found it truth. Letter to Benjamin Bailey (November 22, 1817) O for a life of Sensations rather than of Thoughts! Letter to Benjamin Bailey (November 22, 1817) I scarcely remember counting upon happiness — I look not for it if it be not in the present hour — nothing startles me beyond the moment. The setting sun will always set me to rights, or if a sparrow come before my Window I take part in its existence and pick about the gravel. Letter to Benjamin Bailey (November 22, 1817) The excellency of every art is its intensity, capable of making all disagreeables evaporate, from their being in close relationship with beauty and truth. Letter to G. and F. Keats (December 21

My Last Duchess  Launch Audio in a New Window BY  ROBERT BROWNING FERRARA That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she were alive. I call That piece a wonder, now; Fra Pandolf’s hands Worked busily a day, and there she stands. Will’t please you sit and look at her? I said “Fra Pandolf” by design, for never read Strangers like you that pictured countenance, The depth and passion of its earnest glance, But to myself they turned (since none puts by The curtain I have drawn for you, but I) And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst, How such a glance came there; so, not the first Are you to turn and ask thus. Sir, ’twas not Her husband’s presence only, called that spot Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek; perhaps Fra Pandolf chanced to say, “Her mantle laps Over my lady’s wrist too much,” or “Paint Must never hope to reproduce the faint Half-flush that dies along her throat.” Such stuff Was courtesy, she thought, and cause enough For calling up that spot of joy. She had A h

1.The Divine Image by William Blake  Cruelty has a human heart,   And Jealousy a human face; Terror the human form divine,   And Secresy the human dress. The human dress is forged iron,   The human form a fiery forge, The human face a furnace sealed,   The human heart its hungry gorge 2-A Poison Tree  I was angry with my friend: I told my wrath, my wrath did end. I was angry with my foe: I told it not, my wrath did grow. And I watered it in fears, Night and morning with my tears; And I sunned it with smiles, And with soft deceitful wiles. And it grew both day and night, Till it bore an apple bright. And my foe beheld it shine. And he knew that it was mine, And into my garden stole When the night had veiled the pole; In the morning glad I see My foe outstretched beneath the tree.

The Patriot By Nissim Ezekiel  I am standing for peace and non-violence. Why world is fighting fighting Why all people of world Are not following Mahatma Gandhi, I am simply not understanding. Ancient Indian Wisdom is 100% correct, I should say even 200% correct, But modern generation is neglecting - Too much going for fashion and foreign thing. Other day I'm reading newspaper (Every day I'm reading Times of India To improve my English Language) How one goonda fellow Threw stone at Indirabehn. Must be student unrest fellow, I am thinking. Friends, Romans, Countrymen, I am saying (to myself) Lend me the ears. Everything is coming - Regeneration, Remuneration, Contraception. Be patiently, brothers and sisters. You want one glass lassi? Very good for digestion. With little salt, lovely drink, Better than wine; Not that I am ever tasting the wine. I'm the total teetotaller, completely total, But I say Wine is for the drunkards only. What you think of prospects of world peace? P

Choral character 

1.Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship  ( German :  Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre ) is the second  novel  by  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , published in 1795–96. The  eponymous  hero undergoes a journey of self-realization. The story centers upon Wilhelm's attempt to escape what he views as the empty life of a  bourgeois  businessman. After a failed romance with the theater, Wilhelm commits himself to the mysterious Tower Society. First Book Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship  depicts the eighteenth-century German reception of  William Shakespeare 's dramas: the protagonist is introduced to these by the character Jarno, and extensive discussion of Shakespeare's work occurs within the novel's dialogues. Wilhelm and his theater group give a production of  Hamlet , in which Wilhelm plays the lead role. Shakespeare's work had begun to be translated into German in the 1740s, and had attained tremendous popularity and influence in Germany by the end of the century. 2. Great

Bildungsroman Bildungsroman Definition Bildungsroman is a special kind of  novel  that focuses on the psychological and  moral  growth of its main  character , from his or her youth to adulthood. A bildungsroman is a story of the growing up of a sensitive person, who looks for answers to his questions through different experiences. Generally, such a novel starts with a loss or a  tragedy  that disturbs the main character emotionally. He or she leaves on a journey to fill that vacuum. During the journey, the  protagonist  gains maturity, gradually and with difficulty. Usually, the  plot  depicts a  conflict  between the protagonist and the values of society. Finally, he or she accepts those values, and they are accepted by society, ending the dissatisfaction. Such a type of novel is also known as a Examples of Bildungsroman in Literature There are numerous examples of bildungsroman or coming-of-age novels in English literature. Let us briefly analyze a few: Example #1:  The History of T

Harold Bloom Since the publication of  The Western Canon , Harold Bloom has become something of a caricature, derided on the one hand for the vehemence of his displeasure with the direction literary study has taken over the past quarter century, his opposition to the politicized, anti-aesthetic criticism he identifies collectively as the "school of resentment," while on the other he is frequently invoked as a kind of cultural mandarin dismissive of the pleasures ordinary people take in the products of popular culture and contemptuous of all books that can't be assigned to the canon of high literature. (Although James Wood accuses him of abandoning the role of critic for that of "populist appreciator," his populism surely extends no farther than to those who might conceivably be convinced of the greatness of what Bloom calls "strong poets," whose work certainly cannot be dumbed down in order to reach the masses.) This image of Bloom as traditionalist cu